Wednesday, January 22, 2020

Revenge In Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

What do you consider to the main theme(s) of Hamlet? Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a complex play where many themes are intertwined – themes that are essential to the development of the play. The issue of death and disease, both physical and emotional is very prevalent throughout the duration of the play, as well as fate and divine providence. The play also questions madness and whether it can be feigned, as well as corruption and its moral implications. Of course, who could forget the famous ‘To be or not to be’ soliloquy, where Hamlet not only questions life and death, but many of life’s other uncertainties as well. Undoubtedly, the most essential theme in the development of Hamlet is revenge and question ‘Does revenge pay?’ Revenge is a frighteningly bloodthirsty emotion, which causes people to act blindly and without reason. Revenge is a theme that is cleverly built upon throughout the extent of the play; with it being the driving force behind two of the main characters in the play. The play is introduced by the appearance of the ghost of Hamlet’s father in the first scene, which automatically gives the impression that something is amiss. This is later clarified by the statement that â€Å"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark† (Act1 Scene 4 Line 90). The ghost emerges before Hamlet and insinuates that his death was not as nocent as it may seem. The ghost urges Hamlet to â€Å"Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (Act1 Scene 5 Line25) and informs him that â€Å"The serpent that did sting thy father’s life now wears his crown â€Å"(Act1 Scene5 Line 38). This appears to indicate that Hamlet’s father’s death was actually murder, and that the deed was committed by King Hamlet’s brother, Claudius, who had now taken over as King of Denmark. The Ghost taunts Hamlet, telling him that it is part of every man’s honour to avenge his death. Hamlet then becomes a part of Denmark’s foulness and wre tchedness when he agrees to avenge his father’s death. This is the beginning of a vicious cycle of hatred, death and revenge that destroys many lives. Soon after Claudius marries Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude, Hamlet feigns madness as a ploy to cover up his attempts to avenge his father’s death and to bring him closer to Claudius. One of the first things Hamlet does in his attempt to prove Claudius’ guilt is to have ‘The Mousetrap’ performed in court. ‘The Mousetrap recreates ... ...amned Dane, Drink off this potion. Is thy union here? Follow my mother.† Laertes dies, content that justice has been served and Hamlet himself dies soon after, his father’s death finally avenged. The obsession and need for revenge displayed by our two main characters eventually led them both to their downfall. Not only did it hurt themselves, but many others close to them. Ophelia’s death, for example could be blamed on Hamlet’s desire for revenge, whilst Hamlets death occurred as a result of Laertes quest to avenge his father’s death. Hopefully, it is easy to see why I believe that revenge is the core theme in Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Revenge shapes the entire plot of the play and could be blamed for corrupting Hamlet and Laertes, making them almost evil in their final intentions. Shakespeare highlights the moral implications of revenge, and how a person can be corrupted by their need for revenge. The age-old saying ‘An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth’ is outlined perfectly in Hamlet. You cannot receive a punch, return a punch and then all sit down together for a lovely dinner. The second that you retaliate, it starts a horrible chain that is almost impossible to break.

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

?Considering a Social Dilemma in Practice: Using a Code of Ethics to Inform Decision Making

Abstract Social dilemmas have the potential to define an entire population, leading to the need to assess and understand the implications associated with trends. This study uses the social trap of carbon fuel pollution to illustrate the manner and means of defection and cooperation that are possible in order to create progress. This research will be of use to any person researching social science and the need to build on a fundamental level. 1. Introduction Found in every society, culture and region, the common definition for a social dilemma is held to be an instance where there is the potential for individual gain at the cost of the larger group (Baqlliet et al., 2013). In a very real sense, this environment is created in order for an individual to profit from selfishness; however, if everyone chooses this alternative, the entire group stands to lose, indicating a win or nothing social condition. McCarter et al. (2011) argue that issues begin to arise as too many of the target population choose the negative option preferring the sense of immediate satisfaction over the group’s long-term interests. This outlines a sense of non-committal on the part of the population, speaking to the tendency to put off social experiences and dilemmas that often take various forms across a wide variety for fields and disciplines. With illustrations of social issues including climate change, pollution as well as human overpopulation, there is a fu ndamental platform that must be achieved in order to effectively identify and correct errant or negative trends. This study addresses the question of the social dilemma of fossil fuel consumption.Argued to be a commonly experienced social trap found in the use of carbon fuels in the environment day-to-day social operations (Chen et al., 2012). A social trap is created when there is a drive to experience and create immediate rewards as opposed to waiting to offset the potential negative, leaving much of the defining nature of the experience to the individual. Carbon pollution and the burning of fossil fuels creates the social dilemma by creating and fundamentally building a infrastructure around behavior patterns that have produced rewards in the short term, or current and past generations, but clearly hold a diminishing return when considered in context with the future and larger environmental picture (Khachatryan et al, 2013). The elements of a condition that create social traps are identified as reinforces that tend to build a stronger pattern of behavior in small cases yet, serves to punis h larger instances. In this case defection is defined as the unbridaled consumption of fossil fuels, with the cooperative social position being defined as an on going effort to reduce that very same use of carbon fueld. In a short term capacity, carbon fuels and combustion engines have transformed technology and the way of life for an entire civilization, yet, the use of the technology without restraint has enabled negative consequences to arise. In short it is the short term gain for society that serves to encourage the use of the carbon fuels, yet the long term price in terms of negative environment impact and loss of wildlife and natural resources becomes consequential. 2. Analysis Social issues cross boundaries to impact every science and branch of study (Sagiv et al., 2011). With this recognition, there are wide ranges of theories that have the potential to apply to this social trap/dilemma of employing carbon fuels in day to day activities. Leading among many researchers is the economic game theory, or expected utility theory (McCarter et al., 2011). This approach argues that any person is a rational actor that is solely motivated to make the most of their personal positions, or utility in terms of a person’s economic self-interest. In this instance the short term gains of employing polluting technology are seemingly insignificant in the face of day to day travel needs (Balleiet et al., 2013). With a willful form of defection, there is the sense of putting off the payment for future generations, leaving many of the population that seeks a cooperative solution with little recourse. According to the Game theory, there is much more likely for socially non-cooperative outcome, simply due to the ease of use and social acceptance, despite the documented negative instances related to the collection and consumption of these resources. Many social dilemmas evoke conflict amongst moral values, making the correct choice less clear to decipher (Banks, 2006). Banks has implied how decision making about another’s welfare can frequently involve issues which are both personal and painful, thus judgements will need to be made which are ethical and promote human welfare (Banks, 2012). In knowledge of this, it is crucial to have proper justification for actions and in-actions. A second relevant theory of Utilitarianism has been developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832): ‘Utilitarianism incorporates how actions have consequences, which should balance advantages and disadvantages, relatively within a certain course of action,’ (Parrott 2010, p. 54). When putting this principal into action it is acceptable for one person to suffer, if this translates to a greater number of people being happy. Two existing principles pertain to the theory of utilitarianism, and these are justice and utility. Understanding the p rinciple of justice can be captured in respect for equality and fairness, everyone’s happiness should be considered with the same weight. Utility as a principal infers the greatest good for everyone. However, both of these principles can clash if the minority of people are unhappy. Beauchamp and Childress (2001) have outlined the principal of justice: which accounts for distribution of fair benefits, risks and costs; this encapsulates the notion that similar cases should be treated similarly. In a clinical role it is regarded as being within the job role to effectively ‘assess the whole situation, while working for outcomes while considering everyone’s best interests’ (Banks 2012). Yet, each individual in the society has the option to disagree, and therefore defect from the effort, weakening the end results. An alternative complimentary approach is Virtue ethics and the theory of this principal investigates individual character. A persons ‘virtue ethics’ are thought to be guided and developed through their personal beliefs, and this process is said to determine overall character. As an approach Virtue ethics are carried out ‘according to which the basic judgments in ethics are judgments about character’ (Statman, 1997, p. 7). This argument indicates that a person could be co-operative by appealing to their better nature, rather than depending on the satisfaction of their immediate desires. It is recognised that issues of an ethical nature will often be embedded in personal responsibility or relationships. Linking the fight for a long term, environmentally balanced and healthy society with the need to provide a better future for the next generations, there is evidence that substantial progress can be made for the co-operative efforts (McCarter et al., 2011). A further area of social science that applies to this case is referred to as Radical often recognized as ‘critical’ or ‘activist’ work (McCarter et al., 2011). Within this radical position the viewpoint taken is of a transformational approach, where concerns are placed on the transformation of society as this will benefit those who are most oppressed, or those suffering in adverse environmental conditions, in comparison to focusing on the individual profit, or day to day consumers (Hill, 2010). In addition, McIntyre (1982) as cited in Payne (2004) determined radical approaches and criticisms being that; traditionally, social work can lower complex social problems and turn them into individual psychological ones, while potentially cutting off service users from contact to others who have similar problems. Yet, in in the case of pollution and using offered technology seems to translate to creating isolation between workers and those who need the service 3. Reducing Defection Among the many possible solutions to decreasing defections and increasing possible cooperation is the option of motivational solutions (Khachatryan et al., 2013). Providing opportunities for mutual gain, both in the short and long term, creates an incentive for long term, effective cooperation and progress. There components of a must be assessed in order to create a reduced or improved environment (McCarter et al., 2011): Individualism or the presence of the tendency for a person to act selfishly Competition or the capacity to measure outcomes relative to others The opportunity for cooperation In this case is seems possible to incorporate all three elements into an effective anti-defection strategy. Emphasizing the positive aspects of using alternative fuels has the potential to inspire the individual to work outside the acceptable social net by not using fossil fuels. Furthermore, the creation of a competitive form of reporting would serve to build a measureable means for people to assess their own efforts, as well as that of others. The first two are pro-self-approaches while the third is considered a prosocial orientation (Chen et al., 2012). Prosocial and pro-self-persons react differently when faced with a similar situation, making the need to find a solution that can bridge the gap between them critical. Prosocial views often concern themselves with the moral implications, thereby seek out cooperation. This can be seen in this context as the drive to harvest less from a common resource, thereby reducing overall dependency and negative consequences. Strategic solutions also have the potential to increase cooperation and reduce defections in the social dilemma of carbon fuel pollution (Ballet et al., 2013). This is an approach that uses interactions to create an environment of cooperation as the society uses a Tit for tat strategy. This approach seems to be present in the current discourse about carbon pollution with many consumers making a cooperative move, while at the same moment mirroring decisions of the partner. TFT applies to this dilemma in that it is a real-world strategy that has a proven record of success, thereby inciting many consumers to take part in the effort. These forms of structural changes alter the game by modifying the social dilemma or removing the issue completely. In this case a reduction in consumption has the potential to move on completely from the carbon fuel based system. Furthermore, research on conservation repeatedly illustrates that incentives are effective in decreasing consumption of resource s as well as the adoption of renewable resources (Chen et al., 2012). Many case studies illustrate that cooperation is based on various factors, including the ability to monitor the situation in order to punish defectors leading to an external structure that opts to cooperate and self-organise with the inherent ability to communicate and share in order to effectively resolve social delimmas. 4. Conclusion In conlusion, when evaluating the strengths the social dilemma of using carbon fuels, the need of the day to day consumer must be considered in the light of long term cost. Using a cooperative approach that serves to provide incentives and alternatives to possible defectors serves to enhance the underlying effort and add impact to the arguments that desire cooperation. Overall, it is certain that the core of the burden translates to effective planning while accounting for the present situation. With many possible solutions, this study has illustrated that following a radical approach could lead to empowerment of the service user, enable individuals to overcome social stigma attached to the pollution issue as educate them with skills needed to be independent in future. In the end, in order to encourage cooperation there needs to be a viable alternative that makes sense on a day to day basis as well as being affordable to the common person. Lacking a comprehensive strategy will only e ncourage those that resist change to depend on the technology of the past in order to face the challenges of the future. 5. References Balliet, D., & Ferris, D. (2013). Ostracism and prosocial behavior: A social dilemma perspective.Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes, 120(2), 298-308. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.04.004 Banks, S. & Gallagher, A. (2009). Ethics in professional life: virtues for health and social care. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Banks, S. (2012). Ethics and Values in Social Work. (fourth edition). Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford university press. Beckett, C. (2007). The reality principle: Realism as an ethical obligation. Ethics and Social Welfare, 1(3), 269-281. Beckett, C. (2012). Values and ethics in social work. Sage. Chen, X., Szolnoki, A., & Perc, M. (2012). Risk-driven migration and the collective-risk social dilemma. Physical Review E, 86(3). doi:10.1103/physreve.86.036101 Clifford, D., & Burke, B. (2008).Anti-oppressive ethics and values in social work. Palgrave Macmillan. Darwall, S. (1995). The British Moralists and the Internal’Ought’: 1640-1740. Cambridge University Press. Dolgoff, R., Loewenberg, F. M., & Harrington, D. (2009). Ethical issues for social work practice. Derlega, V., & Grzelak, J. (1982). Cooperation and helping behavior. New York: Academic Press. Hill, L. (2010). Radical indecision: Barthes, Blanchot, Derrida, and the future of criticism. Johnson, R. (2008). Kant’s moral philosophy. Khachatryan, H., Joireman, J., & Casavant, K. (2013). Relating values and consideration of future and immediate consequences to consumer preference for biofuels: A three-dimensional social dilemma analysis. Journal Of Environmental Psychology, 34, 97-108. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.001 McCarter, M., Mahoney, J., & Northcraft, G. (2011). TESTING THE WATERS: USING COLLECTIVE REAL OPTIONS TO MANAGE THE SOCIAL DILEMMA OF STRATEGIC ALLIANCES. Academy Of Management Review, 36(4), 621-640. doi:10.5465/amr.2011.65554629 Parrott, L. (2010). Values and ethics in social work practice. SAGE. Payne, G., & Payne, J. (2004).Key concepts in social research. Sage. Saleebey, D. (1996). The strengths perspective in social work practice: Extensions and cautions. Social work, 41(3), 296-305. Statman, D. (1997). Virtue ethics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Sagiv, L., Sverdlik, N., & Schwarz, N. (2011). To compete or to cooperateValues’ impact on perception and action in social dilemma games. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol., 41(1), 64-77. doi:10.1002/ejsp.729 Thompson, N. (2007). Power and empowerment. Russell House Pub. Wilson, K. (2008). Social work: An introduction to contemporary practice. Pearson Education. Wilson, K., Ruch, G., Lymbery, M., & Cooper, A. (2008). Social work. Essex: Pearson.

Monday, January 6, 2020

Exegetical Study of Matthew 77-11 and Luke 119-13

Exegesis Paper God’s Answering of Prayer 9 â€Å"So I say to you, Ask, and it will be given you; search, and you will find; knock, and the door will be opened for you. 10For every-one who asks receives, and everyone who knocks, the door will be opened. 1 1Is there anyone among you who, if your child asks for x a fish, will give a snake instead of a fish? 12 Or if the child asks for an egg, will give a scorpion? 13 If you then, who are evil, know how much to give good gifts to your children, how much more will the heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him!† Luke 11:9-13 Introduction: This paper will present an exegetical study of Matthew 7:7-11 and Luke 11:9-13, God’s Answering of Prayer. The genre and form†¦show more content†¦11 Is there anyone among you who if your child asks for a fish, will give you a snake instead of a fish? (Luke 9:11). Alternatively Matthew asserts, â€Å"Is there anyone among you who, if your child asks for bread will give a stone? (Matt 7:11). In the time of Jesus, the limestones were the same shape and color of bread. In Luke the serpent or eel resembled fish. In Jewish law the eel would be considered unclean and not fit for consumption. This passage stresses, â€Å"An earthly father will not give a son who begs of him something for sustenance (a fish or an egg) something similar-looking, but which is a possible source of evil to him† (Luke X 914). Just as an earthly father will protect their child, our Heavenly Father and His infinite wisdom will only answer prayers in an infinite way. He will give to them the extreme gift of the Holy Spirit from those that seek it. 12 Or if a child asks for an egg, will give a scorpion (Luke 9:12). When a scorpion is curled up it is a dangerous small animal. If a father gave his son a scorpion instead of an egg and the scorpion stung him, the sting would be extremely painful and quite possibly lethal (Barclay 271). The metaphor of the scorpion and an egg clearly shows the deception of how a gift can ultimately be deceiving and evil. Man fails to see how these greater gifts will affect his life. In this passage about the scorpion and the egg Jesus is trying to convey the importance of the Holy Spirit. Spiritualism isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Matthews Christology1423 Words   |  6 Pagesexpectation, Jesus’ role as a Jewish teacher and Jesus as inaugurator of God’s Kingdom. Matthew is a Semitic gospel written as an encouragement to Jewish Christians and as an apologetic to unbelieving Jews. From the outset Matthew identifies Jesus as one of royal Davidic lineage and Abrahamic descent. Matthew immediately identifies with Judaic tradition portraying Jesus with the Immanuel figure of Isaiah 7:14 (1:23). 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The Last Supper and the Crucifixion 7 Who Wrote the Gospel of John? 7 Conclusion 9 Reference 10 Introduction Following the ministry of Jesus here on earth, the several accounts were recorded in the first four books of the bible. The gospel, as they were referred to have similarities in all aspects and theyRead MoreExploring The Historical And Cultural Context Of The Passage4128 Words   |  17 Pagesthrough a few temptations at the hand of the devil. He endured these temptations and persevered righteously in spite of them. A few lessons can be learned by how Jesus handled these temptations. This paper will explore the exegetical insights I gained from studying Matthew 4:1-11. The first part will present the context gained from the broader and immediate discourse. The second section will help you understand the historical and cultural context of the passage. The major segment of this paper will

Sunday, December 29, 2019

Extreme Ice Survey By James Balog Essay - 971 Words

One of the photographers, James Balog, is currently working on a project called Extreme Ice Survey where he is photographically documenting the effects of the climate change regarding the melting of glaciers. He is helping the world by providing scientists and the world information on glaciers, how they form, how they melt and how they are going to change the world if we continue to be ignorant of the issue. He has been a part of the National Geographic team for over thirty years and has â€Å"broken new conceptual and artistic ground on one of the most important issues of our era: human modification of our planet’s natural systems.† (James Baolog, Founder Director, Extreme Ice Survey/Founder, Earth Vision Trust.) As mentioned before, National Geographic has its eye constantly on the future with innovation and exploration. Right now, social networking and mobile applications rule our world. Instagram is one of the leading social media applications for photography, and National Geographic photographers are at the top of their game. National Geographic holds the largest Instagram brand at 2.4 million followers. Not to mention that each photographer has their own Instagram as well, and usually reaches well over one hundred thousand followers. This continues sharing the stories and images with followers all over the planet on a more personal level. It also makes exploration and learning as simple as clicking a button. The up and coming generation is more educated than any otherShow MoreRelatedClimate Change Affects People And The Atmosphere Every Day959 Words   |  4 Pagesincreased in the atmosphere (Weeks). There was a nature photographer named James Balog, who was dedicated to finding the causes of global warming. He and his crew were a part of this association called Extreme Ice Survey. This association wanted to help reveal climate change over the years. They traveled to Greenland, Iceland and Alaska to observe the ice in these regions. James Balog no longer wanted to take photographs of the ice; he wanted to take as many photographs in the progress while they returnedRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On Climate Change Essay1826 Words   |  8 Pagesglacier,† (Pandey, par. 1). The earth is getting warmer, and this means that soon, glaciers will start to disappear. While the earth naturally produces its own heat, the contribution from humans is also making the earth warmer than usual. James Balog and Extreme Ice Survey team explain that â€Å"since the Industrial Revolution, burning of fossil fuels has ratcheted up the burning of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, which traps heat in the atmosphere (Global Warming). Greenhouse gases then go to raiseRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1347 Words   |  6 Pagesonly this, but the NRDC also states that, â€Å"Evidence shows that 2000-2009 was hotter than any other decade in at least the past 1,300 years† (Melissa Denchak, NRDC.org). Due to this extreme heat being spread worldwide, the Earth’s Glaciers have been undergoing an extreme and discrepant melting process. Due to extreme heat with trapped greenhouse gases, the Earth’s arctic glaciers are melting and causing havoc to spread wide. As an effect of the melting the glaciers, the global sea level is rising

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Comparative Analysis of Point of View of Joseph Andrews...

Comparative Analysis of Point of View of Joseph Andrews and Emma Point of view is the mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers â€Å"hear† and â€Å"see† what takes place in a story. In this essay, the point of view of Joseph Andrews by Henry Fielding and Emma by Jane Austen will be analyzed in comparison to one another. The comparison will be made on each aspect of the point of view, such as subjective/objective, partial/impartial narration and the perspectives through which the point of views are presented. The point of view of Joseph Andrews is third person omniscient. In Third person omniscient narration the narrator lies outside the plot and knows everything about the characters, their emotions and feelings and various†¦show more content†¦As Stephanie Chen writes in her article â€Å"Austen’s narrative perspectives and the problem of interpretation in Emma and Persuasion† â€Å"a kind of third person close narration that forces the reader to see the narrators and characters perspective simultaneously† (32). The reader is told about the characters and events both by the narrator and Emma’s thoughts e.g. â€Å"[Jane] was, besides, which was the worst of all, so cold, so cautious! There was no getting at her real opinion. Wrapt up in a cloak of politeness, she seemed determined to hazard nothing. She was disgustingly, was suspiciously reserved† (Austen 175). Here the reader gets to know about the reserve nature of Jane thorough narratives per spective but is told through Emma’s perspective that she was disgustingly and suspiciously reserved to such an extent that there was no way to get along her. â€Å"We can identify Emma as the narrative equivalent of speaker† (Dry 99). The point of few of Emma is both subjective and objective, point of view is subjective when the narrator makes commentary on the characters, their feeling, emotions and actions whereas, is objective when the characters and their feelings and actions are only described. This can be explained from the above mentioned excerpt from the novel where Jane is described reserve by the narrator but judged to be disgustingly and suspiciously reserved through Emma’s point of view. The point of view of

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Gun Control Should Be Banned Essay Example For Students

Gun Control Should Be Banned Essay Do you ever worry when you wake up in morning that you might not live to see the next day? That giving someone the wrong look or cutting someone off on our dangerous roadways would take you to your grave. The problem that would cause this worry is guns. The focus of this paper is to inform you about gun control, how much it is needed and that it guns need to be much more difficult to obtain. A fact in the United States is that of the two hundred and seventy million people there are two hundred million guns. Murder is not the only form of death caused by guns; suicide is also an immense problem. Accessibility to guns has grown over the years and causes such things as school shootings. For instance the Columbine High School shootings. The massacre at the Columbine High School in the Denver suburb of Littleton was by far the worst in a series of school shootings in the U.S. The generation of teenagers has changed over the years and little thing such as making fun of the way someone dres ses or what the person looks like can result in things like this. Guns should not be available to any under the age of twenty-one. This is something that will probably never happen because of the black market, but it sure would save a lot of lives. I also strongly believe that safety locks should also be put on every gun that is in existence. I also believe that since there are many guns out there that do not have locks on them because of when they were made or the manufacturer just did not put locks on the guns, those guns should be made illegal. Also there has been a proposed debate on whether or not electronic key pad devices be used as locks, by doing this the only way to use the weapon is by punching in the pin number. There have been too many instances where young and old children at home have got hold of a gun, simply unlocked the weapon and devastation occurs. According to the April 21, 1999, Houston Chronicle, Republican Governor George W. Bush for the first time voiced sup port for a bill requiring background checks of people purchasing weapons at gun shows. The main proposal, HB 1199, which was supported by law enforcement across the state, was strongly opposed by the NRA and the Texas State Rifle Association. In 1998, Texas hosted 472 gun shows, far more than any other state in the nation. HB 1199 was killed in the House Public Safety committee the night before Bushs comments. April 20 was also the day of the Littleton shooting. According to legislators, with the governors support, there would have been a chance of resurrecting the bill, or moving similar legislation in the Senate. However, the April 28 Dallas Morning News reported that Bush did not think there was time to close the loophole before the legislature adjourned on May 28. Instead, he called on the federal government to solve the problem. The Texas legislature adjourned without taking any action on closing the gun show loophole. Both the House and Senate passed NRA proposed legislation t o preempt city lawsuits against the gun industry, despite the fact that no Texas City even planned to file a lawsuit. Governor Bush signed the bill on June 18, 1999. This year, Texas received a D- on Handgun Control Kids and Guns Report Card. Texas received a lower grade in 1999, falling from a D to a D- because it does not have a juvenile possession law, does not regulate secondary sales, does not allow cities and counties to enact ordinances to prevent gun violence and does allow the carrying of concealed weapons. Governor George W. Bush failed to push the legislature to close the gun show loophole, while promoting and signing a bill that gives immunity from civil prosecution to the gun industry. The state does have reasonable restrictions on juvenile sales and a child access prevention law. 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